Academic integrity

Professional writing involves using clear language to explain themselves to an audience. 2. ) Integrity is important in writing because you should be honest to yourself and other people whom you are writing to. I believe that being in an online class helps you understand what integrity is and helps you be honest to people while you are opening up to them. For example in our discussion questions I feel like being honest is very important because it will keep my conversation going without any lies, it would be very e to be caught lying to someone while we are having a conversation.That is why it is important to have integrity. 3. ) The easiest way to avoid plagiarism is by using your own words. Once someone understands what plagiarism is and the consequences for doing it they will understand it much better. Quotations must be used when the paragraph is about 40 words or 3 sentences long. Like I said in my first sentence using your own words is the best way to avoid plagiarism is to use paraphrase. Paraphrasing means you should put the ideas in a passage into your own words, usually following the order in which the ideas were presented in the original paper.

Human Rights Standards are Vague and Lack Effective Enforcement Essay

Human Rights Standards are Vague and Lack Effective Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay Example ..shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures...secure their universal and effective recognition and observance† (UDHR, n.d). In effect, the law clearly established the importance of establishing standards for all nations in promoting respect due to every citizen. Some of the provisions of the UDHR however, are vague and are filled with different issues in enforcement. Article 1 alone has various vague and unspecific terms which cannot be clearly pictured on a more practical application. As discussed by various legal experts, the provisions of the UDHR are vague and are too general or sweeping in their contents. They do not contain sufficient specifics in order to guide the people, and other individuals called on to implement its provisions. The provisions of the law are drafted generally and are also general in their language, without clear indications on the rights of the people being protected (Dugard, 2 009). The imprecise nature of Article 3 also leaves major gaps in enforcement, gaps which often have to be filled in by enforcers who are prompted to make their own judgment (often subjective) on the violation of the UDHR’s provisions. This declaration was originally planned as a statement of objectives to be implemented by different governments, and they were originally not part of international law. However, in 1968, the UN International Conference on Human Rights declared that the UDHR would form part of the obligations of members of the international community (Dugard, 2009). As a result, the declaration became part of the international laws applicable to all nations of the world. As such, the coverage of these laws became more extensive. In relation to the domestic implementation of the UDHR’s provisions, there are major issues in the distillation or decentralization of these laws. There are issues for some of these countries agreeing to the application of the pro visions of the UDHR (Donnelly, 1984). Some of these countries’ laws, especially those in the Middle East including Iraq and Afghanistan, conflict with the international provisions of the UDHR (Article 2) which includes provisions on the rights and freedoms of women. These nations have not adequately resolved the issue on what to do in case there is such a conflict, as such, the implementation of the UDHR’s provisions are suspended pending their decision on this matter (Koh, 1998). And for some countries, especially those in the Middle East, decisions on this matter can take years to finalize. In the meantime, violations on the provisions of the UDHR may sometimes go unpunished and even unnoticed by the concerned authorities. This was apparent in the case of Afghanistan who, for many years suffered under the Taliban rule, enduring this abusive regime. For countries with limited resources and reception of international laws, the enforcement of the UDHR may be reduced (Ko h, 1998). This would allow for the proliferation of violations in human rights in these countries, compromising the efficacy and the reach of the international laws within domestic territories. Issues on the enforcement o

Introduction Chapter for Swirling Flows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction Chapter for Swirling Flows - Essay Example and also in various engineering applications. [1] Aerodynamic drag induced by lift of the wings of an aircraft may also give rise to swirling flows in air. In the engineering applications, particularly where combustion systems are entailed, swirling flows can be defined as continuous jets of fluid in uniform transverse flow that have dynamic and three dimensional (3D) structures. [2] According to a basic definition from Lilley (1977), â€Å"Swirling flows result from the application of a spiraling motion, with a swirl velocity component (also known as a tangential or azimuthal velocity component) being imparted to the flow via the use of swirl vanes, in axial-plus-tangential entry swirl generator or direct tangential entry into the combustion chamber.† [3] Figure – 1: Example of swirling flow in an artificial test case [4] Why Study Swirling Flow? According to experts like Gallaire, Rott and Chomaz, there have been only a few studies in the academic world which have dea lt with the monitoring, control and analysis of complex fluid mechanical systems involving tubes and swirling jets. Also, the competitions between the axisymmetric and helical breakdown patterns of vortices in a swirling flow are still a major area of scientific exploration, which cannot be successfully accomplished without a complete understanding of Central Recirculation Zone (CRZ) and reported formations of Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) inside the swirling flow. [1, 3, 5] In combustion chamber and gas turbine applications, swirl flame stabilisation is widely used. Lean premixed and non-premixed systems are the major categories of these applications, where the processes of flame stabilisation, as functions of thermo-acoustic flux, combustor geometry and fuel type, are yet to be fully understood and simplified. [1, 6] Besides, there are relatively fewer research papers available where tall cylinders have been used to generate swirling flows with instabilities directed to the 3D patt erns of fluid dynamics. Hence, three dimensional characters of a swirl remain less explored than its unsteady axisymmetric features. [7] Therefore, swirling flows should be studied so that these gaps in engineering research can be properly abridged. Overview of Some Major Swirling Flow Phenomena Some of the major phenomena related to swirling flow that predominantly occur in combustion technologies are vortex breakdown, sudden expansion, bluff body flow, Central Recirculation Zone (CRZ) and reported formations of Precessing Vortex Core (PVC). Vortex Breakdown: Since swirling flow has a three dimensional structure, it possesses both axial and tangential velocity components in the 3D vector fields [1, 4]. When the Swirl number S is increased, strong coupling forces develop among the axial and tangential velocities. Together with strong inertial effects, swirl vortex is generated which is again broken down when the flow attains high Reynolds number. Ayache explains this process of vort ex breakdown as an unstable flow with transient patterns that â€Å"occurs due to the instabilities present in swirl flows such as shear-layer instabilities (like Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) similar to axial jets and azimuthal shear-layer instabilities created by the radial gradient in azimuthal velocity.† [1] Sudden Expansion and Bluff Body Flow: In order to gather intricate flow statistics, a bluff body may be introduced on